John Barton (ur. 1948), anglikański biblista z Oksfordu, podsumował w niniejszej książce długie lata swoich badań nad Biblią, przedstawiając fascynującą opowieść o historii kształtowania się tej Księgi, jaką dziś znamy, o jej recepcji i interpretacji. Oparł się w tym na dwóch założeniach: Po pierwsze, nie ma jednoznacznej relacji między Biblią a zasadami wiary przyjmowanymi przez oparte na niej religie. Nie sposób wyczytać z niej ich konkretnego kształtu, a na dodatek biblijne ekwiwokacje sprawiają im kłopot. Zarazem, wbrew przyjętemu mniemaniu, ani chrześcijaństwo, ani judaizm nie skupiają się w swojej praktyce na Piśmie jako jedynej, świętej księdze. Nie jest ono „konstytucją” dla żadnej z religii, lecz raczej opowieścią założycielską. Po drugie, Biblia nie powstała jednorazowo jako zamknięta całość, lecz ewoluowała, a jej kanon jest wynikiem historycznych negocjacji. Ewolucja Biblii hebrajskiej (Starego Testamentu w nazewnictwie chrześcijańskim) trwała mniej więcej od VIII do II wieku p.n.e. Również kanon Nowego Testamentu kształtował się długo, a odrzucenie apokryfów nie wynika jednoznacznie z ich treści. Kościół akceptował naturalnie tworzący się konsens w tej mierze, przy czym na początku nie było uzgodnionego tekstu. Wszystko to Barton opisuje i komentuje na podstawie najnowszych badań historycznych i filologicznych. Odkrycie ostatnich stuleci – że Biblia ma historię – znajduje przekonujące potwierdzenie.
From the Sunday Times bestselling author of A History of the Bible, this is the story of how the Bible has been translated, and why it matters
The Bible is held to be both universal and specific, the source of fundamental truths inscribed in words that are exact and sacred. For much of the history of Judaism and almost the entirety of Christianity, however, believers have overwhelmingly understood scripture not in the languages in which it was first written but rather in their own - in translation.
This book examines how saints, scholars and interpreters from ancient times down to the present have produced versions of the Bible in the language of their day while remaining true to the original. It explains the challenges they negotiated, from minute textual ambiguities up to the sweep of style and stark differences in form and thought between the earliest writings and the latest, and it exposes the bearing these have on some of the most profound questions of faith: the nature of God, the existence of the soul and possibility of its salvation.
Reading dozens of renderings alongside their ancient Hebrew and Greek antecedents, John Barton traces the migration of biblical words and ideas across linguistic borders, illuminating original meanings as well as the ways they were recast. 'Translators have been among the principal agents in mediating the Bible's message,' he writes, 'even in shaping what that message is.' At the separation of Christianity from Judaism and Protestantism from Catholicism, Barton demonstrates, vernacular versions did not only spring from fault lines in religious thinking but also inspired and moulded them. The product of a lifetime's study of scripture, The Word itself reveals the central book of our culture anew - as it was written and as we know it.
The Bible is the central book of Western culture. For the two faiths which hold it sacred, it is the bedrock of their religion, a singular authority on what to believe and how to live. For non-believers too, it has a commanding status: it is one of the great works of world literature, woven to an unparalleled degree into our language and thought.
This book tells the story of the Bible, explaining how it came to be constructed and how it has been understood, from its remote beginnings down to the present. John Barton describes how the narratives, laws, proverbs, prophecies, poems and letters which comprise the Bible were written and when, what we know - and what we cannot know - about their authors and what they might have meant, as well as how these extraordinarily disparate writings relate to each other. His incisive readings shed new light on even the most familiar passages, exposing not only the sources and traditions behind them, but also the busy hands of the scribes and editors who assembled and reshaped them. Untangling the process by which some texts which were regarded as holy, became canonical and were included, and others didn't, Barton demonstrates that the Bible is not the fixed text it is often perceived to be, but the result of a long and intriguing evolution.
Tracing its dissemination, translation and interpretation in Judaism and Christianity from Antiquity to the rise of modern biblical scholarship, Barton elucidates how meaning has both been drawn from the Bible and imposed upon it. Part of the book's originality is to illuminate the gap between religion and scripture, the ways in which neither maps exactly onto the other, and how religious thinkers from Augustine to Luther and Spinoza have reckoned with this. Barton shows that if we are to regard the Bible as 'authoritative', it cannot be as believers have so often done in the past.
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